Horizontal engines have cylinders that travel horizontally with the ground, which is the opposite of the V-shaped configuration of a V-6 or V-8 engine. Other engines (such as typical in-line four-cylinder and six-cylinder models) run in a straight vertical line, with pistons running straight up and down as the engine rotates.

The key to the operation of a high-performance horizontal engine is its use of a flat crankshaft. The flat crankshaft makes the four-cylinder engine operate like a large two-cylinder engine, with the two pistons firing against each other. It is a bit rough when idle, but the power output is very stable. The problem with many air-cooled horizontal engine designs is that the rear cylinder is blocked by the front cylinder, causing the rear cylinder to overheat.

Cars are not the only vehicles with horizontal engines. Many airplanes, including airplanes and helicopters, have adopted engine designs. The low profile of the horizontal power plant allows greater survivability around the engine. The flat profile of the engine also helps it form smooth lines within the wing structure. This helps aerodynamics and aesthetics. Many steamboats, including those operating in the Florida Everglades, rely on horizontal air-cooled engines to provide power.

In a horizontal design, the oil temperature will usually rise, and engines intended for heavy-duty work will benefit from an external oil cooler. The flat design of the horizontal engine allows the engine oil to circulate slowly from the cylinder to the crankcase. This can cause the oil to overheat and indicate the condition of the bearings and related components in the engine in advance. By placing the oil cooler away from the engine and installing it in the main windshield area, the oil can be easily cooled, thereby extending the life of the oil, the engine, and its components.

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