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Sophia the Robot
Most of the activities of human beings encompassed the use of technology. Technology is apparatuses as well as instruments that are made by men and used for a certain purpose (Grant, 1986). Through the use of technology things are made which did not exist before (Grant, 1986). Sophia the robot is among the latest technology that employs artificial intelligence. Sophia is a humanoid robot, and since the robot is a female, it can be called a gynoid. Sophia’s appearance resembles that of a human being. Moreover, the robot uses artificial or machine intelligence, which is similar to intelligence that is normally displayed by humans. Sophia, the robot was created by one of the robot organizations in Hong Kong, the Hanson Robotic Company. The robot can show emotions using a female face and engage in an intelligent conversation. Sophia first appeared to the public when she was involved in a conversation with Jimmy Fallon.
The developer Hanson describes Sophia as a social robot that can see people, form relationships and comprehend conversation with the help of artificial intelligence. This robot has an ability to answer easy questions. It is also a speech reciting gynoid. Thus, the robot can relate facial expressions and pauses to the text it is going to present with the help of machine learning. It is also a chatbot with the ability of running a dialogue system. It can look at people and listen to them and choose a response depending on their utterances and other factors (Gershgorn, 2017). Currently, the robot is a citizen of South Arabia and champions fighting for the rights of women in this country (Hussein, 2017). This case study revolves around the consequences of using this technology and possible solutions to the ethical issue of the robot being given citizenship of Saudi Arabia.
The issue of the gynoid Sophia being a citizen of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia raises many concerns from the general population. On the one hand, Sophia is more than a robot as it is can exhibit human intelligence, make commitments and has emotional intelligence. This position is contrary to the opinion of Herfeld, a scientist and artificial intelligence (AI) researcher. The AI professor disapproves this move, claiming that the technology has not reached the point when it can be trusted by humans (Herfeld, 2010). The professor claims that the technology has a long way to go; therefore, the use of technology raises numerous ethical and social concerns for human beings. Hence, the trustworthiness of this technology is suspicious.
Nationality gives a person a unique identity. All humans are not the same as they possess unique identity that differentiates them one from another (Hussein, 2017). Besides, they can be identified automatically via a picture of the fingerprint, iris and face. Human identity can also be established through the analysis of the brain (Hussein, 2017). Humans are also said to be flexible since they are in a position to adapt to changes. AI programs such as Sophia do not have such flexibility thus cannot operate outside the area of their expertise (Herzfeld, 2010). These AI programs are only known to function within a certain environment. Thus, Sophia becomes helpless outside the algorithms that it is trained to follow. The robot also lacks the unique identity which human beings possess. However, there are a number of factors that can be used as identity marks for Sophia. For instance, its MAC address, peculiar skin mark, unique feature in its voice, barcode or electromagnetic signature can be compared to human's brain waves (Hussein, 2017). All these features attributed to Sophia can be called hardware identity. However, Sophia lacks a unique identity that is possessed by human beings. Human identity is a multidimensional construct that involves a number of factors such as biological and cognitive, experience, culture and encounters with the environment.
Nationality is granted to a citizen of a particular country under certain laws and gives him or her a number of rights and favors. As a citizen, Sophia will enjoy a number of legal rights equal to the rest of the citizens (Hussein, 2017). This fact shows that current decisions in politics and social life are aimed at the realization of technological needs (Grant, 1986). AI is always seen superior to human knowledge when employed in activities involving competitions. For instance, artificial chess player (Deep Blue) became the first to defeat the defending chess champion Kasparov (Noah, 2010, p.187). Sophia is controlled by algorithms created by its developer. Hence, the question arises if Sophia should have the right to vote similar to other citizens, and on the voting day, would it be the robot that makes the voting decision or its developer? If some of the rights that are enjoyed by citizens are granted to the humanoid, it will lead to many questions from the public. The question of equality arises because this robot may not be a unique citizen but rather a clone of its developer. Since most of the actions of the robot are controlled by its developer, granting it any rights that involve decision-making will offer the developer an opportunity to satisfy his interests.
In some cases an ethical dilemma over the use of the technology and citizens rights might occur. For instance, Sophia may experience a violent attack from a thug, who may destroy it completely. At the same time, a female citizen is being attacked. A policeman is obliged to protect the two since they happen to possess the country nationality. However, there is a concern whether it would be right to protect Sophia first because she lacks self-defense skills and moves on wheels (Hussein, 2017). There is also a hot debate in the Artificial Intelligence Community on the principles to be employed in the design and use of AI programs.
Sophia may also enjoy social rights such as the right to marry and breed. These are the rights that female citizens have. Hence, the issue of relationships and reproduction of this particular citizen is also in the limelight (Hussein, 2017). 3D printing technology enables the robot to self-replicate itself. As a result, the developer may replicate this humanoid robot and create more copies, which automatically become citizens, and use them in his interest. The developer may produce as many robots as possible since there is no legislation on the issue. As a result, the number of robots might outweigh human population. If they enjoy voting rights, the humanoid robots might bring a societal change. In the end, they might overpower humans and rule them (Hussein, 2017). Hence, the manufacturer may use this technology in order to achieve his goals that might be evil.
This dilemma can be solved in a number of ways. First and foremost, the humanoid should not be allowed to enjoy all the rights of the country citizens. Some laws could be introduced that state clearly the rights and responsibilities of humanoid robots since currently there are no regulations about how such technological instruments can be used (Grant, 1986). This step would help avoid the possibility of these robots overpowering men. Second, the opportunity of giving the robot citizenship could also be withdrawn so that it is not used for ill gains since the robot acts as a human but its actions are not regulated as those of a human. Hence, there is no guarantee that this robot will not be used to harm people since any technology is capable of bringing harm depending on its usage (Grant, 1986). Third, restrictions should be made on the rights that the robot can enjoy. The government can also develop the humanoid robots constitution, where their rights and duties will be written so that their behavior is managed similar to people.
The consequential ethics theory was considered in the issue of offering citizenship to the humanoid Sophia. Giving citizenship to this humanoid can lead to a dilemma. Considering consequences of this action, I discovered that this action would lead to harmful and destructive effects to the whole human society. The ethical value of trustworthiness was also considered. The robot lacks mind or thinking for making rational decisions. Therefore, the decisions it makes are influenced by its developer, hence this AI citizen is untrustworthy. Citizenship as an ethical value was also considered from various positions. My stand is that the citizenship of the humanoid Sophia should be withdrawn since this robot lacks conscious thinking and thus should not be considered equal to human beings. This article was written by Fred Perry.More my works you can see here https://best-writing-service.com/

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