Landscape is one of the genres of fine art, where the main character is nature, primordial or transformed by man. Our idea of ​​the landscape has been formed through the development of all kinds of artistic techniques and techniques for a long time. In this genre, a special place is given to perspective and its construction, and quite a lot of attention is paid to the transmission of light and atmosphere.

The landscape depicts real or imagined views of the environment or place, buildings and structures, urban or rural, forest or sea views. It happens that the landscape becomes not the main genre of the image, but only its background in works of any genre, be it painting, graphics or arts and crafts. When a person depicts his environment, he a priori expresses his attitude towards him, and we can analyze how people of one time or another related to the landscape in which they lived, worked or where they had a rest. Due to this, the landscape receives an ideological and emotional content.

A landscape from nature reflects reality through affordable LS, visual transmission of visible forms of the environment, conveys the appearance of objects and phenomena of the world around us, all the variety of the beauties of nature perceived by sight or man-made architectural structures.

Landscape history

In ancient times, it was already possible to find images of nature. Even in the Neolithic era, they began to conventionally designate the earth's surface, the firmament, cardinal points and heavenly bodies. In the reliefs and various paintings on the walls, vases and all kinds of vessels of the Ancient East, one can see everyday scenes with images of the world around them, namely, scenes of wars, hunting and fishing. Especially a lot of landscape motifs are present in the art of Ancient Egypt (the era of the New Kingdom, 1550 - 1069 BC), and in the art of Crete (16th - 15th centuries BC), where we observe the unity of man with local flora and fauna. The image of the ancient Greek landscape is inseparable from the image of a person. A vivid example of this is the well-known Greek ornament, which conventionally denotes sea waves, this ornament is present in any mosaic and on every vase,

The ancient Roman landscape is more independent, there is already a perspective in it, and the surrounding world is perceived as a simple and everyday habitat of people and gods.

In the art of medieval Europe, the landscape acts as a means of indicating the place of action of this or that event. Landscape images of that time show us how a person of that time represented the world and the universe.
The countries of the medieval Muslim East depicted landscapes quite a bit, and the art samples of that time that have come down to us were clearly created due to the influence of ancient Greek culture, and specifically Hellenistic traditions. But from the XIII-XIV centuries. more and more landscapes began to appear in miniature books. Nature was portrayed there as a closed garden, very mysterious and chamber.Indochina, Indonesia, and India lend great emotional power to their landscapes with reliefs and miniature depictions of rainforests.

Painting of medieval China begins to show us the landscape as an independent genre that does not depend on man. At that time, continuously renewing nature was considered the most visual code of the world Tao law. We see this message in every picture of the Chinese landscape at that time. Also, these works of art can be considered illustrations, because poems played an important role in the perception of the landscape of China, telling us about the sublimity of spiritual qualities. The landscapes of this country and era seem boundless, due to the introduction of a large number of mountain panoramas, water surfaces and foggy haze into the composition. Also, all the images, obeying the general decorative solution, are not delimited into spatial plans, but smoothly flow into one another due to their airiness and color.

Conclusion

In the art of Western Europe in the 12th - 15th centuries, the landscape background becomes an integral part of the works.
Uncomplicated and conventional backgrounds grow into full-fledged landscapes in the background, sometimes they are depicted as a map of the world. In the Renaissance, painters began to explore nature in more detail through the creation of sketches and short-term studies. The masters of the quattrocento also developed the principles of the perspective construction of the landscape space. At the same time, mainly in graphics, there are prerequisites for justifying the landscape as an independent genre, where nature is the only one of the characters present, or is a more dominant image than even the foreground. Italian masters strove to show the unity of natural and human principles, by fitting a person (or a Saint) into a harmonious and in tune with nature environment. And where the background is the urban landscape, we are shown an idealized architectural environment.

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