From what we have gathered so far, three major factors regarding light can affect the growth and development of a plant. These are:

Intensity: How bright the light is, or how much energy in the form of photons is falling on the leaf. This determines the rate of photosynthesis. The higher the intensity, more photosynthesis occurs in the plant.
Duration: How long the plant receives the light. Outdoors, this is regulated by the seasons, and plants have evolved their life stages around it. Arbitrary changes in light duration will affect the growth of the plant.
Spectrum: Plants need both red and blue spectrum light to flourish at different stages of growth and to bloom.

In an indoor grow system, you will have to pick artificial grow lights capable of fulfilling all three factors. Of these, the duration is the easiest to replicate, as you just have kept the lights on for a set period.

Intensity can be a challenge with some grow lights. Growers change light intensity by changing the distance between the plant and the light bulb. The closer the light source, the more intense the light.
The problem here is that many grow lights also emit a lot of heat. So if you place the blubs too close to the plants, they may wilt or die. So a careful balance has to be maintained.

Wavelength is another challenging aspect. The sun is a perfect single source that radiates enough energy for the plants in all the wavelengths, blue and red. We do not yet have a single light source capable of emitting both red and blue spectrum light in adequate quantities. Indoor growers get around this limitation by using a mix of warmer and colder lights. Perfectly replicating sunlight indoors is not easy. But by using multiple light sources and constant tinkering, you can achieve phenomenal results with indoor grow lights.

Now to complete this article, we will take a quick look at some of the popular grow light options for indoor hydroponics.
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lights:
HID lights include High-Pressure Sodium (more red light) & Metal Halide (more blue light) options. Large-scale growing operations use these lights more than small-time hobbyists.

Fluorescent Lights
These are less energy intensive and do not emit a lot of heat. They are long-lasting and easier to manage than HID lights as well

LEDs
Best LEDs can be designed to emit either red or blue spectrum wavelengths. And you can put a lot of these small LEDs in a light panel. So you don't need to mix and match different types of lights when using LEDs. LED grow lights tend to be the most effective when it comes to growing indoors.