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Programa pascal download.
Here are some of the basic Pascal elements that we covered in class.
Pascal - Karel Comparison.
Karel: A method to instruct Karel to solve tasks in a virtual world. PASCAL: A method to instruct the computer to solve tasks in the real world.
Programming for Karel and programming in Pascal are closely related. For example, IF test THEN and WHILE test DO are the same for Karel and Pascal. Also, the general method of programming by starting with the main execution block and refining the program using new instructions is the same in both languages. However, there are a few differences that are listed below.
Karel.
Pascal.
(details handled later) Karel can not count or do any computations Pascal can do any mathematical computation and knows about most mathematical functions. Parenthesis can be used, and Pascal knows about the order of operations. Karel can not remember anything Pascal can remember integers and real numbers, characters, strings, and much more. Everything that should be remembered must be stored in variables. Names can not include spaces, but they can include the minus sign '-' Names can include neither spaces nor minus signs You can not use any type of comments for a Karel program. The program should use descriptive names so that it comments itself. You should always use descriptive names inside a Pascal program. However, you can - and should - also use comments to illustrate certain main features of your program.
The Structure of a Pascal Program.
Every Pascal program must follow a basic structure. While this structure is very similar to Karel programming, there are several differences. Below is the basic structure that every Pascal program must follow.
Note: The functions and procedures can appear in any order. The only requirement is that if one procedure or function uses another one, that latter one must have been defined already.
Variable Types.
There are five basic variable types in Pascal: INTEGER, REAL, CHAR, BOOLEAN , and STRING . They are defined as follows:
INTEGER A positive or negative integer between a smallest (negative) and a largest number. In general the smallest and largest number possible depends on the machine; for IBM PC and Turbo Pascal they are: smallest Integer: -32766 largest Integer: 32767 REAL Can contain a real number in scientific or decimal notation. There is a limit on the size and accuracy of the real number that will be covered later. Valid real numbers are, for example: Decimal Notation: 1.234 or -34.5507 Scientific Notation: 5.0E-3 or -7.443E3 CHAR Any key on the keyboard is considered a valid character. Characters are usually enclosed in single quotes. For example: '1' is a character, while 1 is an integer. BOOLEAN We will deal with boolean variables later STRING A string is a collection of up to 255 characters enclosed in single quotes. For example: 'Bert' is a string of 4 characters. More details about strings will follow later.
Assigning Values to Variables.
Variables are simply a name for a block of memory cells in main memory. If a value is assigned to a variable, that value must be of the same type as the variable, and will be stored in the memory address designated by the variable name. The assignment statement is the semicolon-equal := .
Variables must be declared at the beginning of the program, a procedure, or a function Variables must be initialized before they can be used. Variables can be reused as often as necessary. Their old value is simply overwritten by a new assignment.
Formatted Input and Output.
The exact workings of the READLN command will be discussed later.
Writing Information To write information on the screen, you can use the WRITE or WRITELN command. You can write the content of variables or simple text. There are several variations: Writing Text WRITE('any text'); writes any text enclosed in simple quotes on the screen Writing integers unformatted WRITE(I); I is an integer variable Writing integers formatted WRITE(I:num); I is an integer and num indicates the total positions to be used. If the value contained in the variable I needs more digits, num is ignored. Writing reals unformatted WRITELN(x); x is a real variable. Will always write the real number in scientific notation and is almost never what you want. Writing reals formatted WRITELN(X:num1:num2); X is a real variable, num1 is the total amount of digits to use (including sign and period) and num2 is the number of digits after the period.
Note: The same rules apply for the command WRITELN but this command also positions the cursor to the first position of the next line.
You can combine writting text and more than one variable by seperating the individual components by a comma. Here is an example:
which will produce the following output:
Functions.
Functions provide a flexible method to apply one formula many times to possibly different values. They are comparable to procedures but.
functions are of always of a certain type functions usually have one or more input variable(s) the function name must appear at least once inside the definition.
The general form of the function statement looks like this:
Note that every function must contain the function name at least twice: once in the definition of the function, and once to assign the result of a computation to the function. Functions can be used similar to variables. You can assign the result of a function to a new variable, you can print the result of a function using WRITE or WRITELN , or you can use the result of a function in another computation or test. Here is an example:
An extended example: Unit Conversion.
Below is a basic Pascal program. Please look very carefully at it; it can be used as a prototype for many other programs that you will have to write.

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