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Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers. Download manual as PDF. Version.
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Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers

Advanced Directory Indexer

Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers

How the indexer stores indexes

As the indexer indexes your data, it creates a number of files. These files contain two types of data:

• The raw data in compressed form (rawdata )
• Indexes that point to the raw data, plus some metadata files (index files . also known as tsidx files )

Together, these files constitute the Splunk Enterprise index . The files reside in sets of directories organized by age. Some directories contain newly indexed data; others contain previously indexed data. The number of such directories can grow quite large, depending on how much data you're indexing.

Why you might care

You might not care, actually. The indexer handles indexed data by default in a way that gracefully ages the data through several stages. After a long period of time, typically several years, the indexer removes old data from your system. You might well be fine with the default scheme it uses.

However, if you're indexing large amounts of data, have specific data retention requirements, or otherwise need to carefully plan your aging policy, you've got to read this topic. Also, to back up your data, it helps to know where to find it. So, read on.

How data ages

Each of the index directories is known as a bucket . To summarize so far:

• An "index" contains compressed raw data and associated index files.
• An index resides across many age-designated index directories.
• An index directory is called a bucket.

A bucket moves through several stages as it ages:

As buckets age, they "roll" from one stage to the next. As data is indexed, it goes into a hot bucket. Hot buckets are both searchable and actively being written to. An index can have several hot buckets open at a time.

When certain conditions occur (for example, the hot bucket reaches a certain size or splunkd gets restarted), the hot bucket becomes a warm bucket ("rolls to warm"), and a new hot bucket is created in its place. Warm buckets are searchable, but are not actively written to. There are many warm buckets.

Once further conditions are met (for example, the index reaches some maximum number of warm buckets), the indexer begins to roll the warm buckets to cold, based on their age. It always selects the oldest warm bucket to roll to cold. Buckets continue to roll to cold as they age in this manner. After a set period of time, cold buckets roll to frozen, at which point they are either archived or deleted. By editing attributes in indexes.conf. you can specify the bucket aging policy. which determines when a bucket moves from one stage to the next.

If the frozen data has been archived, it can later be thawed. Thawed data is available for searches.

Here are the stages that buckets age through:

• <newest_time> and <oldest_time> are timestamps indicating the age of the data in the bucket. The timestamps are expressed in UTC epoch time (in seconds). For example: db_1223658000_1223654401_2835 is a warm, non-clustered bucket containing data from October 10, 2008, covering the exact period of 9am-10am.
• <localid> is an ID for the bucket. For a clustered bucket, the originating and replicated copies of the bucket have the same <localid> .
• <guid> is the guid of the source peer node. The guid is located in the peer's $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/instance.cfg file.

In an indexer cluster, the originating warm bucket and its replicated copies have identical names, except for the prefix ( db for the originating bucket; rb for the replicated copies).

Note: In an indexer cluster, when data is streamed from the source peer to a target peer, the data first goes into a temporary directory on the target peer, identified by the hot bucket convention of <localid>_<guid>. This is true for any replicated bucket copy, whether or not the streaming bucket is a hot bucket. For example, during bucket fix-up activities, a peer might stream a warm bucket to other peers. When the replication of that bucket has completed, the <localid>_<guid> directory is rolled into a warm bucket directory, identified by the rb_ prefix.

Buckets and Splunk Enterprise administration

When you are administering Splunk Enterprise, it helps to understand how the indexer stores indexes across buckets. In particular, several admin activities require a good understanding of buckets:

• For information on setting a retirement and archiving policy, see "Set a retirement and archiving policy." You can base the retirement policy on either the size or the age of data.

• For information on how to archive your indexed data, see "Archive indexed data". To learn how to restore data from archive, read "Restore archived data."

• To learn how to back up your data, read "Back up indexed data." That topic also discusses how to manually roll hot buckets to warm, so that you can then back them up.

• For information on setting limits on disk usage, see "Set limits on disk usage."

• For a list of configurable bucket settings, see "Configure index storage."

• For information on configuring index size, see "Configure index size."

• For information on partitioning index data, see "Use multiple partitions for index data."

• For information on how buckets function in indexer clusters, see "Buckets and indexer clusters."

In addition, see "indexes.conf" in the Admin Manual.

This topic is very useful, thank you. However, re:

> What the index directories look like
> Each index occupies its own directory under $SPLUNK_HOME/var/lib/splunk.

In addition to a directory for each index, my $SPLUNK_HOME/var/lib/splunk directory (Splunk Enterprise 6.4 on Windows) contains multiple *.dat files and a single .dirty_database file.

Could you please describe these files in this topic, or link to descriptions elsewhere? (Preferably including information on how "important" they are: for example, what to do about .dat files when copying indexes from one server to another.)

> The name of the directory is the same as the index name

Not true. I see a directory named "defaultdb", but there is no index named "defaultdb". Rather, "defaultdb" is a component of the paths (e.g. homePath) for an index named "main". Some other examples: "historydb" directory and "history" index, "audit" directory and "_audit" (with a leading underscore) index.